BLOG (GIROUX GLASS - MARCH 2024)

Commercial buildings need to be rigorously maintained to prevent physical damage, ranging from spider cracks to outright glass breakage. When glass suddenly shatters and scatters all over the ground floor of a commercial building – due to vandalism or natural disaster – the retail owner could become a target for criminal theft and/or further property damage. And if glass breakage occurred on higher floors, there’s the risk of even more serious injury from falling shards that could rain down on unsuspecting pedestrians below. The personal liability payouts for this type of scenario could potentially be astronomical.

To minimize financial risk, taking swift action can mitigate property owners’ monetary exposure and property liability. The first line of defense should be to seal up cracks and breakage as quickly as possible. Utilizing the services of a 24-hour emergency glass board-up company can be extremely important to your business’ bottom line and liability exposure.

Why did glass commercial buildings become so popular?

High-rise buildings began being built back in the late nineteenth century. These gravity-defying, vertical engineering wonders soon became the mainstay of most modern cities. The pre-World War I beaux-arts and neo-classical style of solid stonework eventually gave way to a more modernist visual design approach by the late 1950s, which emphasized glass over traditional stoneware. 

Why glass? As a building material, full-length glass panels provided certain advantages over traditional brick and mortar structures in several ways. Glass exterior wall panels made interior spaces seem larger due to increased exposure to sunlight. The warmth of the sun’s rays also reduced heating costs during the chillier months. And in today’s marketplace, glass buildings are more attractive to potential owners. “Buyers like anything shiny and bright,” says Joanna Mayfield Marks, a property broker in Brooklyn. “Glass makes an easier sell. It brings the outside in.”1  While glass can be a more energy efficient building material, floor-to-ceiling glass panels also tend to cost more to maintain over traditional stone, brick, and concrete structures. 

In addition, the repair cost for cracked or shattered transparent exterior panels due to a natural disaster or vandalism can add up. According to Architectural Digest, replacement windows could cost up to $1,400 per window, including materials and labor.2  And that’s just residential properties. Glass replacement costs for commercial buildings are exponentially higher. 

What causes windows to crack or break?

The common causes of window cracking and breaking are:

· Product age

· Normal wear and tear

· High humidity

· Extreme weather conditions

· Lack of proper maintenance

· Improper installation

· Intentional or accidental damage

· Window seal failure

As a rule, keeping commercial glass windows properly maintained can save property owners a lot of money. If some of the glass panels in your commercial building are showing signs of damage or breakage, utilizing the services of a 24-hour emergency glass board-up company can save money in the short and long term. Companies like Giroux offer prompt professional protective board-up services that can safeguard your commercial property by sealing up exposed and damaged glass with plywood panels that protect and secure your business from theft and vandalism. 

Unsecured retail spaces = loss of income

Whether property damage occurred due to an unforeseen natural disaster or deliberate criminal intent, the quicker your commercial space is made safe for pedestrians and potential customers, the better. An unattended and damaged store can give off an unsafe vibe for potential customers and “come-and-get-it” message to the criminal class. The quicker a hazardous retail space is cleaned up and repaired, the faster you can get back to business as usual.

Boarding up damaged glass panels can lower personal liability claims

Damaged or shattered glass presents a hazardous threat to surrounding pedestrian traffic. If a passerby is pierced by glass shards, a lawsuit could be as close as a personal injury lawyer on speed dial. And that’s just on the ground floor. According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), property damage due to natural disasters in America was $95 billion in 2020 alone.3  In a worst-case scenario, those shattered panels could potentially injure patrons. The after-effects could leave your restaurant severely unsafe. No one wants to eat in an open-air bistro that’s literally open-air. The quicker you can secure and repair those damaged glass panels, the quicker you can get back to discussing tonight’s dinner specials with your customers.

Exposed spaces can raise repair or replacement costs

Another good reason for securing your damaged retail space ASAP is the ill-effects of adverse weather damage on your retail space’s interior. Open-air exposure after a natural disaster can cause extensive property damage. Negative air flow and draft can cause unnecessary wear and tear to interior spaces exposed to the elements. If you own a hotel or restaurant, installing temporary plywood panels is more cost-effective than having to replace furniture and other items that would be susceptible to mold and mildew damage. In short, quickly securing and boarding up exposed spaces can save you on the replacement costs of pricey interior items, such as one-of-a-kind furniture, vintage lamps, imported pottery, and more. 

Boarded-up spaces lowers the risk of property vandalism

It also goes without saying that an exposed retail space is an open invitation to thieves and vandals. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), a single incident of vandalism can cost a business an average of $3,370.4  Multiply that cost by the number of small businesses in America (last count, over 33 billion strong5), and you can see how large property liability exposure could potentially be. 

What emergency board-up service is right for me?

With over 75 years of experience in the manufacturing of high-quality glass and glazing for the commercial and residential markets, Giroux Glass is available 24/7 to provide emergency board-up services and glass repair. With just one phone call, we can arrange to be at your location with all the building repair materials needed to protect your windows, doors, or storefront. Giroux Glass can board up the damaged areas to protect your property until we can get the replacement windows installed. We can also clean up the area to prevent customers and pedestrians from being harmed by scattered debris.

As Benjamin Franklin once famously said: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” The same is true for your glass-panel windows. By quickly utilizing the services of a reputable 24-hour emergency glass board-up service like Giroux Glass, your business can save time and money, and reduce your exposure to costly liability payouts.

1. A.J. Sidransky, “Glass vs. Masonry”, CooperatorNews, November 9, 2019.

 https://cooperatornews.com/article/glass-vs-masonry

2. Tamara Jude, “How Much Does Window Replacement Cost”, Architectural Digest. February 6, 2024.

https://www.architecturaldigest.com/reviews/windows/window-replacement-cost

3. Adam B. Smith, “2020 U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters in Historical Context”, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

https://www.climate.gov/disasters2020#:~:text=The%20billion%2Ddollar%20events%20of,combined%20%2495%20billion%20in%20damages.

4. Christopher Raines, “What Can Vandalism Cost a Business”.

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-vandalism-cost-business-63820.html

As we all know, dining in the dark can be dubious. Part of an inviting fine dining experience is eating in a space that’s bright, warm, and inviting. According to a recent study, the type of interior lighting can affect diners’ moods and eating choices. The study said that up to 24 percent of customers will order healthier dishes if the lighting is bright, while diners in darker rooms are nearly 40 percent more likely to order dishes with more calories. 

But what about sunlight? Eateries that are light and bright due to the sun’s rays can boost the body’s own levels of serotonin, a chemical that plays a key role in one’s mood and digestion. Restaurants that bathe their spaces with natural sunlight can have a more positive emotional effect on diners than eateries with only interior electrical lighting. 

Skylights can significantly enhance the aesthetics and ambiance of any restaurant owners and managers. Available in diverse shapes and sizes, skylights can be seamlessly integrated into various areas of most commercial properties. 

Here are 10 important factors that can help you decide if a skylight design for your restaurant or other commercial space is right for you.

1) Natural Light Requirements

Industry standards recommend one square foot of skylight surface area for every 20 feet of floor space below. When choosing your skylight size, stay within five percent of your total floor space for rooms with plenty of natural light. Increasing your skylight surface area to 10 or 15 percent of the entire floor space is advisable in rooms with low natural light.

For the eatery’s kitchen, a proper skylight design allows for natural solar illumination without sacrificing space and can provide additional ventilation to help release pesky cooking odors. In restaurant bathrooms, skylights allow more national light, which could help prevent mold from growing and spreading. 

2) Orientation and Placement

To get the most out of your commercial skylight design, positioning is important. Consider the following factors:

• North-facing roofs provide steady, but cooler illumination.
• East-facing roofs allow in more sunlight and solar heat gain during mornings. 
• West-facing skylights are super for afternoon sunlight and heat gain. 
• South-facing skylights offer the best opportunity for desirable winter passive solar heat gain compared to any other location but will bring unwanted heat during the summer.

3) Building Codes and Regulations

Architects and contractors universally follow the International Building Code (IBC), however, the California Building Code (CBC) is renowned for its uncompromising restrictions, regulations, and enforcement. The building code strictly governs every material used, from fasteners to glazing.

In some types of properties, building codes may require noncombustible framing. If building officials approve, the IBC allows pressure-treated wood or other materials in places where metal framing may corrode.

As a side note, local building codes and skylight design regulations may differ by area. Building owners and managers should make sure the property complies with safety standards, fire ratings, and energy efficiency requirements per your governing area.

4) Roof Structure and Integrity

Whether your restaurant or commercial property’s roof is compatible with skylights will depend on a variety of factors, such as the skylight material and roof design. To determine if a skylight is viable for your commercial space, make sure that it is visible from the inside and not obstructed by an attic or similar space. Additionally, identify your roof type - stick-framed or truss-framed - and consult a professional if you need be. Flat roofs may pose snow and water accumulation issues, so you should consult with your contractor before skylight installation.

5) Waterproofing and Insulation

Skylights that are improperly installed can result in water leaks. To prevent this problem, follow these tips:

• Mount the skylight design above the roof surface
• Install a raised, waterproof curb and flashing
• Seal joints thoroughly
• Follow the manufacturer's guidelines

To protect against ice dams, add a layer of sheet waterproofing over the skylight's flanges and flashing under the roofing material. Avoid using water diversion devices like roof crickets or diverter strips.

Other waterproofing and insulation factors to consider

When choosing the correct skylight for your eatery or commercial property, you should factor in the yearly climate changes your building has to endure. If your structure is in a colder climate, your skylight will need more solid insulation. Owners and managers should also consider the local wind load as well. Some areas have stricter wind-load requirements than others. It is also critical to consider the likelihood of hailstorms in the region. Depending on the property’s location, skylight material with a higher hail rating would be advised. 

6) Glazing Type and Performance: 

Choose the appropriate glazing type based on the desired functionality and performance. Options include:

• Single-glazing
• Double-glazing
• Triple- glazing
• Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings
• Tinted glass 
• Frosted glass

Other factors to consider include thermal insulation, solar heat gain, glare reduction, and UV protection.

Most skylight glazing and designs are manufactured in either plastic or glass. Your glazing options will be determined by your performance expectations and the location of your skylight. 

Plastic glazing is a cost-effective option that is less likely to break. However, there are some adverse factors as well, such as: 

• Plastic glazing scratches easily
• Becoming brittle and discolored over time
• Allowing UV rays to pass through

Acrylics and polycarbonates are the two most popular types of plastic glazing. Acrylics are weaker, but less expensive, while polycarbonates offer high-impact resistance, yet could yellow with age.

Glass is more durable than plastic but is also a more expensive skylight option. The glass must also have "safety glazing" to prevent it from breaking into large, sharp pieces. There are a wide range of glazing and ultraviolet (UV) coating options available for glass skylights, which can also aid in temperature control, and protect furniture and flooring from discoloration.

7) Ventilation and Heat Control 

In addition to allowing natural light to illuminate your restaurant or commercial property, a skylight can also offer ventilation. This type of skylight design can help release hot air that accumulates near the ceiling and better provide airflow. 

Windows and skylights usually gain and lose heat through:

• Glass or multi-layer glazing and framing via direct conduction and convection
• Thermal radiation that occurs between room-temperature objects like exterior      walls, windows, people, equipment, furniture, and interior walls
• The sun's rays being absorbed by building surfaces and converted into heat
• Air leakage

Also, you should determine whether your bistro or other commercial building requires a skylight design with motorized vents, sensors, or shading systems before moving forward. 

8) Acoustic Considerations

Skylights are strong and flexible. The elasticity of glass impacts the acoustics of interior spaces and can help control echoes and sound reflection. In addition, skylights can assist in reducing internal sounds in crowded areas such as lobbies, living rooms, dining rooms, and kitchens.

Skylights also block out external noise and effectively dampen sounds from various sources, such as traffic, thunder, wind, emergency vehicles, and other disturbances, thus creating a peaceful and secure indoor dining experience. 

To maximize the acoustic effectiveness of your skylight, here are a few actionable items to consider:

• Seal the frame with noise-proof sealant
• Fit weather stripping to your skylight to reduce sound
• Add soundproofing film to the outside
• Install a soundproof frame 
• Add window plugs
• Try adding soundproof blinds
• Select glazing options that provide adequate soundproofing

9) Maintenance and Cleaning

Regular maintenance is essential for skylights to ensure full functionality and longevity. But since some skylights are often installed in hard-to-reach places, safety guidelines must be adhered to, including following the manufacturer’s instructions.

To maintain your skylight, it's essential to clean off debris to prevent drainage issues. Also, regularly check the fasteners and cladding for damage or normal wear and tear. Use soap and water to clean. Clean your skylight's interior with a damp cloth or mild, soapy water. Add a fresh coat of finish or paint to prefinished wood frames but avoid contact on the gaskets or glass itself. Unfinished wood frames should be painted, stained, or varnished within six months of installation.

To avoid future skylight repairs, follow these maintenance suggestions:

• Watch for any potential leaks
• Professionally inspect it once a year
• Test skylight mechanics

10) Aesthetics and Design Integration

There are various shapes and sizes of skylights to choose from. Common shapes include:

• Rectangular
• Circular
• Oval
• Diamond 
• Triangular
• Multi-sided
• Tubular

Non-rectangular skylight designs often use plastic glazing, while higher-quality products use glass. Arched, domed, and pyramid shapes are more flexible for positioning since they allow light to enter from various angles. Sloped or curved glazing helps remove moisture and leaves, plus eliminate the need for extra framing on flat or low-slope roofs. Tubular skylights are also small, compact alternatives to traditional skylights.

On a recent project, we installed six large pyramid-shaped skylights at a certain Las Vegas casino. These customized skylight panels were made from double-layered, high-efficiency polycarbonate that measured 28’ x 28’ per panel, with each weighing approximately 2,500 pounds. To install the frames on the casino’s roof, we used a special lift that could maneuver the pieces through the main doors and reach a position that was 90 feet high. Once the frames were secured, we installed the skylight panels.

Choose a skylight design that complements the existing aesthetic of your building. Material options include:

• Metal
• Vinyl 
• Wood frames

Vinyl or wood frames last the longest. Your choice of pane materials will depend on the shape of the roof. Using stronger materials such as plexiglass for flat roofs or large skylights is recommended to avoid breakage due to water accumulation. Some restaurants and commercial buildings prefer a tinted skylight to protect furniture and the eyes of customers to sunlight glare. 

You might also consider the aesthetics of a skylight design finish. Metal skylight finishes range from anodized to high-performance polyvinylidene fluoride coatings. For aesthetic purposes, paint the interior to match the property’s current visual design. 

Baked enamel coatings are a cost-effective option for any interior. For exteriors, a higher-performance coating is recommended.

Partnering with an experienced glass and glazing expert like Giroux Glass Incorporated will ensure all requirements are met.

Partner with Giroux Glass Inc for the Perfect Skylight

Skylights are impactful. They allow natural light into space or create ventilation when needed. Specific skylight designs can be aesthetically integrated with your restaurant or commercial building, while applying the proper glazing techniques to protect the property against heat, weather, moisture, and even UV rays.

Installing and applying correct glazing techniques to your skylight requires a glass and glazing professional like Giroux Glass, Inc. Of course, your skylight design must meet all safety, structural, and performance requirements. Contact Giroux Glass Inc. and consult with one of our professionals today.

Throughout history, a mirror has cast off more than just one’s own reflections. In Greek mythology, Narcissus was the first to popularize the habit of gazing at one’s image for prolonged periods of time. The handsome young man stared for hours at his likeness in a pool of water. Not only was the word “narcissism” created in his honor, but so was the challenge of creating a portable reflective device, so other Greeks could stare at themselves whenever they desired as well. In the Bible, Paul the apostle once famous said about mirrors: “For now we see through a glass, darkly.” Clearly, Paul didn’t hold self-reflection in high regard.

The first glass mirrors can be traced back to the 3rd century A.D., then grew in popularity in Egypt, Germany, and Asia. In medieval Japan, mirrors were considered sacred and used to dispel evil spirits in Shinto shrines, and as a means of speaking to the gods. Bram Stoker’s classic horror novel, Dracula, introduced the concept that vampires could be detected by their lack of reflection in a mirror. Very helpful tidbit if you were a vampire hunter. 

The glassblowing method of making mirrors started in the 14th century. Soon, mirrors were used during satanic rituals and witchcraft. It seemed that some believed that the devil himself was waiting on the other side of the reflective glass. On a less demonic note, Spanish and French spies used mirrors to code and decode secret messages.

Over time, mirrors became less about Satan worshipping and espionage, and more about making interior spaces look more spacious and beautiful. When placed at certain angles, mirrors can bounce light off its surface and illuminate dark sections of any room, especially if placed opposite a sun-facing window. That’s why mirrors are very popularly populated in commercial spaces, so customers can benefit from the warm, inviting glow that reflected light can provide. People like to shop in places that feel open, comfortable, and inviting. In short, mirrors can help provide a better retail buying experience in any space. 

How Are Mirrors Made

The first mirrors were originally made of sheets of shiny, polished metal. Then in the 17th century, a technique called “silvering” was created, which coated the back of a glass panel with melted silver. But these early mirrors inevitably warped, which then rippled or distorted the image, like those zany mirrors in a carnival fun house. Clearly, that problem eventually smoothed itself out. 

Before 1940, some mirror makers used mercury instead of silver because it spread over the glass surface more evenly. But as we now know, mercury turned out to be a rather toxic material. Presently, aluminum is the most common metallic mirror coating. Silicon oxides and silicon nitrides are sometimes used for scientific-grade mirrors because these coatings are more scratch-resistant.

Where are the best places to put commercial mirrors?

For building owners, architects and engineers, and construction professionals, adding commercial mirrors to public spaces can greatly enhance the beauty of many interior retail environments. Well-lit rooms with paneled mirrors can expand the appearance of most spaces, making them look less boxy. Corridors can also benefit from the targeted use of mirrors, which can make tight hallways seem wider and airier.

Mirrors come in all shapes, sizes, and shades, and can be used as a design feature in many hospitality spaces, including restaurants, hotels, casinos, and more. Glazed mirrors can come in a variety of visually striking colors and can help guide your customers’ eyes to wherever you want them to go. 

The most common place where commercial interior mirror design can positively enhance the customer experience are:

1. Dance studios

2. Gyms and fitness centers

3. Bathrooms

4. Office spaces

5. Beauty salons

6. Bars and restaurants

7. Dressing rooms

8. Hotels

What are the benefits of commercial mirrors?

Using commercial mirrors can have many benefits for public retail spaces, including:

Enhance Natural Lighting 

Reflecting natural sunlight off commercial mirrors can help employees feel less stress and increase job performance. This feat can be accomplished by installing full wall mirrors, which can maximize a room’s natural luminance.

Expand Room Sizing

Commercial mirrors can make any room seem larger than the space’s actual square footage. An open retail space allows customers to feel more welcoming. For employees, a more spacious workplace can help improve productivity and well-being.

Increase Interoffice Space Privacy

In large, open-floor retail environments, sometimes cordoning off a small section for an office can be problematic. However, installing an unobtrusive door frame or partition against a mirrored wall can give the appearance of privacy, while keeping the space’s overall feel of openness. 

Showcase Decorative Interior Décor

Commercial mirrored wall panels can be as decorative as framed photos, paintings, or other forms of wall-hanging art. These wall panels can come in a multiplicity of designs, colors, and shades that are visually pleasing.

Keeping Mirrors Free from Graffiti

In public spaces, one of the ongoing headaches for commercial property owners and managers is the proliferation of unwanted graffiti on walls, glass, and mirrors. Cleaning graffitied surfaces is expensive and time-consuming. But anti-graffiti mirrored glass can protect surfaces from spray paint, corrosion, discoloration, scratches, etching, and everyday mirror wear and tear. Many exterior coatings are acid-resistant and clean easily. These anti-graffiti coatings can protect mirrored surfaces in commercial restrooms, large windows, plus train, subway, and bus terminal spaces, and much more. 

Commercial Mirrors Lights Up the Las Vegas Strip and LAX

Giroux Glass has been at the forefront of new and innovative commercial mirror construction and design. Recently, we helped luxury streetwear retailer, Amiri, shine even more brightly at the Wynn/Encore Resort in Las Vegas. The store’s customized mirrors have helped highlight the high-end retailer’s clothes, shoes, and accessories for men and women, and created a more spacious and welcoming shopping venue.

Also in Las Vegas, we helped Resorts World’s upscale tapas restaurant, Bar Zaru, adorn its futuristic bar with decorative mirrors and movable electronic art. Giroux Glass partnered with construction firm, W.A. Richardson Builders and glass manufacturer, Pulp Studio, to source, fabricate, and install the glass and mirrors in the eatery. We handled all the glazing and installation. The bar’s stunning back wall mirror pieces were individually created utilizing both straight and curved glass that conformed to the twisty contours of the wall itself. Nearly every mirror was custom-measured and individually ordered. Colored fuchsia annealed laminated mirrors were used in the lounge to beautifully contrast with the surrounding dark blue substrates, adding intrigue and allure to the space.

At the Delta Sky Club at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), we helped Delta Air Lines’ club members experience a more dynamic lounge ambiance with our customized, imported decorative glass in the men’s and women’s shower area. The design touches included curved ceiling detailing that strove to approximate the look and feel of the Pacific Ocean. This project was part of Delta Air Lines’ $2.3 billion facility expansion, to create a brighter, more modern presence at LAX. At 30,000 square feet, this is the largest Sky Club at any Delta Air Lines terminal to date. The mirrors varied in size from 11″ x 102″ to 59″ x 102″. We also installed 23 full-length restroom mirrors, with polished aluminum channels around the perimeter. Made in Italy, these oversized decorative bronze-tinted mirrored glass lines the main shower corridor, creating a warm and inviting ambiance for its Delta Sky Club members.

In conclusion, commercial mirrors can help building owners, architects and engineers, and construction professionals beautify and protect any public space. From mirror tinting to anti-graffiti glass, commercial mirrors can enhance natural lighting, expand room sizes, increase office space privacy, and create more attractive interior décors. Clearly, mirrors are not just for make-up anymore. Narcissus would be proud.

With all we have to be grateful for, we can’t ignore the endless stories of innocent people becoming victims of armed robberies, retail stores targeted for smash-and-grab attacks, or senseless school shootings that flood our news feeds. Feeling unsafe negatively impacts our quality of life and personal security. How can we be proactive and protect ourselves and our property from these unprovoked acts of aggression?

When it comes to protecting our homes and businesses, windows treated with protective glazing provide greater safety and security than conventional glass. These specialized glass products and materials can prevent break-ins and property damage due to natural disasters. 

We’ve been providing creative solutions that are both practical and cost-effective. Not only can protective glazing add beauty to any property, but it can also provide safety and security for your clients, employees and loved ones. We tell our clients that unlike conventional annealed glass, tempered safety glass is 300 percent stronger and is much more difficult to break or shatter. 

Protective glazing has been effective in preventing or mitigating damage from explosive blasts. The DHS report states, “the use of laminated glass in fenestration systems can greatly reduce the amount of flying glass shards and debris generated during an explosion.” 

We have been installing protective glazing consistently on schools, hospitals, municipal buildings, and retail projects for many years. When our clients voice any concerns about this technology, they’re typically about cost, aesthetics, and maintenance. Here’s what we tell them.

Cost

The biggest hurdle to installing windows with protective glazing is usually cost. Retrofitting existing windows with tempered safety glass is not cheap. Small business owners feel they simply can’t afford the upgrade. However, a thorough risk assessment may determine that installing tempered safety glass now can save them money later. 

When a hospital client of ours sustained extensive vandalism, we recommended a retrofit using Defenselite. On their main business entrance, and up through four stories of the building’s façade, large lites of glass were purposefully shattered when offenders maliciously shot projectiles at them, repeatedly. The glass shards also posed a safety threat to their employees inside. After incurring the expense to replace the glass each time, our client sought a more permanent and economical solution. For this client, the cost was a worthwhile investment.

Aesthetics 

The look and feel of a building are important. While some may claim that protective glazing can feel emotionally cold, there are visually vibrant options to choose from. These protective glazing solutions come in a variety of colors and designs to create a workspace that is both aesthetically pleasing. Recently, we collaborated with an architect on the new construction of a large school. We developed an approach that provided an elevated level of security while also meeting his request to keep the look of the glazing safety measures invisible. 

Maintenance 

As with conventional glass, weather and debris can damage glazed surfaces, but regular inspections and proper maintenance can minimize these concerns and prevent future replacement costs. We advise our clients that it’s important to use window cleaning solutions formulated for use with the glazing materials. Some ingredients, including ammonia and rubbing alcohol, may contain chemicals that react negatively with the finish creating micro scratches or leave a film or haze that is permanent. Each glass and glazing application will need a cleaning material and solution based on the finish.

Our past projects have included just some of the many protective glazing options available. 

For one high school, we installed fire-rated, safety glass to conform to local codes and specifications. The exterior insulated tempered glass panels measured 1” thick and, in some locations, as high as 10 feet.

For a courthouse renovation, we installed Level 3, bullet-resistant glass. This level could withstand the impact of three high-velocity shots from a .44 magnum, the superior protection level our clients sought.

Schools, hospitals, municipal buildings – all work environments -- should be safe spaces. When people feel safe, they tend to have a higher sense of wellbeing, which can lead to increased productivity, improved performance, and a better work/life balance.

With the right solutions, protective glazing can enhance safety and security, while maintaining an aesthetically pleasing environment. Although these processes may come with challenges, we try to convince our clients that the benefits far outweigh any drawbacks. 

Telehealth gives you access to your provider from home

Just as new digital technologies enable many Americans to work remotely, telemedicine now makes it possible to receive quality healthcare from the comfort of your own home. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of Americans working from home tripled between 2019 and 2021.1 This period coincided with the work/life upheaval precipitated by the recent pandemic. According to a recent Pew Research Center survey, 59% of U.S. workers say they are successfully working from home all or most of the time.2

However, if you’re working remotely and get sick, how can hop in your car and see a doctor when you’re on call during normal business hours? Or what if your primary care physician is booked up solid for weeks? The truth is, it’s never easy to make a doctor’s appointment on the fly, and a trip to the emergency room could be a very pricey proposition. Talk about sticker shock! 

But now, telehealth technology can allow you to consult with a doctor from the comfort of your couch. In some cases, telemedicine can be the next best thing to a doctor’s house call.

What is telehealth?

Telehealth (or telemedicine) allows you to connect with your doctor online instead of an in-office appointment. These virtual visits cover nonemergency medical issues, such as diagnosing infections or managing chronic pain. Telehealth is convenient, safe, affordable and confidential. These telemedicine options can provide quality medical care at times when:

· Your doctor or healthcare provider is unavailable

· The medical issue occurs after normal business hours

· Debating about going to an ER for a possible non-emergency issue 

· You’re traveling and in need of immediate medical care

· You need an emergency prescription

With these telehealth services, patients can connect with health care providers via a computer, tablet or smartphone. Online telehealth technology lets you 1) speak to your doctor over the phone or video chat, 2) send and receive secure messages and exchange files and 3) remotely monitor your medical progress. 

The U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA) concurs that telehealth can help with certain medical issues, such as lab tests or x-ray results, prescription management, and monitoring diabetes, hypertension and high cholestertol.3 Since many medical maladies don’t occur during normal business hours, telemedicine can also assist patients with physical and occupational therapies, help diagnose skin conditions, and treat common maladies, like migraines, stomach aches and more.4

During flu season, a doctor’s waiting room can get pretty congested. Especially if you’ve got sick kids with coughing, runny noses and sore throats. To save time, pediatric telehealth can provide 24/7 access to a board-certified physician online or over the phone who can provide the medical care your kids may need. 

What does Humana’s telehealth plans provide?

Humana’s telehealth plans provide patients with access to telemedicine solutions to many physical and mental health issues, plus dental care. To get more information, visit Humana’s telemedicine coverage page. The coverage’s cost and copays will depend on the specific plan you’re enrolled in.

These virtual visits cover many non-emergency medical conditions and are completely confidential. And unlike traditional in-person doctors’ visits, appointments can occur after normal business hours or when you’re travelling. You never know when you might need an emergency prescription. 

Humana’s telehealth services are just what the doctor ordered

Humana has made accessing telehealth services easy. Just visit MyHumana and sign in. Follow the link: https://myhumana2.humana.com/online-evisits. This webpage will provide details on the availability and proximity of all the online in-network telehealth options in your area.  

You can also access Humana’s in-network telehealth primary-care physicians with Doctor on Demand, right from your computer, tablet or smartphone, using the Apple® or Android™ app. Get 24/7 access to doctors, therapists and other medical professionals in your area right from your touchscreen.

Got a sudden toothache and need to see a dentist right away? Teledentix is the pain-free way to find a qualified dentist in your community. Make appointments, view treatment options and get quality online referrals fast. This feature is also accessible on your smartphone, using the Apple or Android app. 

Preparing for your telehealth visit

To prepare for your first telehealth session, you’ll need a smartphone, computer or tablet that has video and internet capabilities. If you don’t have these items, ask your health care provider if an audio-only telemedicine session could be accomplished over the phone. For more telehealth preparedness tips, visit this HRSA webpage.

At the end of your online session, you might need a prescription. No problem. Your telehealth doctor can write you an e-prescription that can be sent online to a pharmacy near you. Some states have limitations on e-prescriptions, so contact your health care provider for more details.

Is CenterWell Pharmacy™ is the right telehealth Rx for you?

At CenterWell Pharmacy™, we can deliver your e-prescriptions promptly. As a Humana member, your medications will be delivered safely and securely right to your door or to a pharmacy near you. With CenterWellPharmacy mail delivery, you can track your order online, get refills or receive automatic refills for eligible prescriptions. Save on 90- or 100-day supply quantities too. And if you need your medications right away, we can send one order online to your pharmacy and a duplicate supply to your home by mail.

If you’re a Humana member and want to refill a prescription online, visit CenterWellPharmacy.com to sign up. You can also call us at 800-379-0092 (TTY: 711), Monday – Friday, 8 a.m. – 11 p.m., and Saturday, 8 a.m. – 6:30 p.m., Eastern time. 

Disclaimer: This material is provided for informational use only and should not be construed as medical advice or used in place of consulting a licensed medical professional. You should consult with your doctor to determine what is right for you.

Sources

1. “The Number of People Primarily Working from Home Tripled Between 2019 and 2021,” U.S. Census Bureau press release, September 15, 2022 The Number of People Primarily Working From Home Tripled Between 2019 and 2021 (census.gov)

2. Kim Parker, Juliana Menasce Horowitz and Rachel Minkin, “Covid-19 Pandemic Continues to Reshape Work in America,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2022 COVID-19 Pandemic Continues To Reshape Work in America | Pew Research Center

3. “What is Telehealth,” U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration, June 29, 2022 What is telehealth? | Telehealth.HHS.gov

4. “What is Telehealth,” U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration

One of the key factors for maintaining good health is a sticky substance in your blood called cholesterol. And this goopy stuff can have a huge effect on your overall health and wellbeing. People with high cholesterol can be vulnerable to numerous health issues, including heart attacks and strokes. Maintaining a healthy cholesterol level is a major contributor to good heart health. But what is cholesterol and what does it do? 

What is cholesterol?

There are two types of cholesterol. Blood cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like material that is produced in the liver and helps in making hormones and digesting fatty foods.1 Dietary cholesterolcomes from certain meat, poultry and dairy products.  According to the American Heart Association (AHA), these foods are also high in saturated and trans fats and can cause the liver to produce more cholesterol than the body needs, which is not healthy. Foods made with tropical oils (e.g., palm and coconut oils) should be avoided because they contain “bad” cholesterol.2

What is the difference between good and bad cholesterol?

If you have been diagnosed with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol (100 mg/dL) that means you have high levels of LDL cholesterol, which cause arterial plaque buildup, one of the leading factors for heart disease and strokes. Conversely, patients with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good” cholesterol (40 mg/dL for men, 50 mg/dL for women) means you have a lower risk for these serious health conditions. The final ingredient in the mix are triglycerides (less than 150 mg/dL), a type of fat in the blood that the body uses for energy. Your total cholesterol number – which is based on a combination of the HDL, LDL and triglycerides numbers – is what health care professionals use to determine your level of wellness.

What is high cholesterol?

The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines high cholesterol as anyone with a total cholesterol number of over 200 mg/dL. This condition is also called hyperlipidemia.3There are no physical warning signs of this condition. That’s why getting tested early is so important.

How many Americans have high cholesterol?

The CDC reports that nearly 94 million Americans (age 20 or older) have total cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dL, while 28 million have levels above 240 mg/dL.4 High cholesterol also makes you more prone to developing fatty deposits in your blood vessels. These deposits can then harden to form plaque, which can narrow the vessels, making blood flow more difficult. Also known as atherosclerosis, this condition can make you more vulnerable to heart attacks and strokes.5

What causes high cholesterol?

Family history can most certainly play a role in your cholesterol levels. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic defect that affects how the body recycles LDL. This condition can also cause premature atherosclerotic heart disease, so if your family has a history with FH, you should get your levels tested.6 Other factors that can negatively affect your LDL and HDL levels are:

· Unhealthy diet

· Lack of exercise

· Smoking

· Being overweight

· Type 2 diabetes

As we get older, our risk for high cholesterol increases. Men tend to have lower HDL levels than women. However, women have lower LDL levels than men after age 55 or until menopause.7 

When or why should you be tested for high cholesterol?

The AHA recommends that every adult (age 20 or older) should have their cholesterol checked every four to six years. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease and other risk factors might consider getting tested more often. To ensure the most accurate results, you should fast 9 to 12 hours before taking the test.8

The levels of high cholesterol

The Cleveland Clinic has created a handy chart that provides cholesterol levels for the three major categories of heart health.9 

                                  Total Cholesterol             LDL Cholesterol               HDL Cholesterol

Heart-Healthy              Under 200                        Under 100                         60 and higher

At-Risk                            200 – 239                          100 – 159                           49 - 59 (Men)

                                                                                                                                 50 - 59 (Women)

Dangerous                240 and higher                 160 and higher                    Under 40 (Men)

                                                                                                                                Under 50 (Women)

How to get rid of high cholesterol 

The good news is that there are things you can do to prevent and lower your high cholesterol. These cholesterol-reducing solutions run the gambit from natural remedies to prescription medications. 

An unhealthy lifestyle can make the body produce more LDL than it needs. The AHA has created an informative web page that can help you reduce your LDL levels through diet and exercise.

There are some over-the-counter natural therapies that can help control cholesterol levels. However, the clinical evidence of their effectiveness is sketchy, and some side effects may be harmful. Before taking any of these alternative therapies, you should consult your physician.10 

These products include:

1. Astragalus

2. Hawthorn

3. Flax seed

4. Fish oil with Omega-3

5. Red yeast rice

6. Plant sterols

7. Garlic

Regarding prescription drugs, there are a slew of statins that have been proven to lower high cholesterol, including atorvastatin (Lipitor®), rosuvastatin (Crestor®) and simvastatin (Zocor®).11 Of course, these statins have side effects, including mild muscle pain. Kidney function can also be affected, though incidents are rare. Patients with liver disease should not take these medications. For more information on the pros and cons of statins, this article can help.

How can CenterWell Pharmacy help lower your high cholesterol?

If you live near one of the 45 CenterWell Pharmacy retail locations nationwide, you may be able to get your cholesterol-reducing medications at little or no charge. Find a location near you. 

On our site, you can also find some over-the-counter natural therapies that can help reduce your cholesterol levels. We have knowledgeable pharmacists who can help you manage your heart health. CenterWell Pharmacy offers home delivery and 24/7 emergency support as well. 

Find out more about how CenterWell Pharmacy can help you get the high cholesterol medicine that’s right for you, including filling or transferring a prescription.

To find out which cholesterol medications your healthcare plan covers, sign in to MyHumana, then go to the “Coverage and Benefits” page. You can also speak with Humana member services directly by calling the phone number on the back of your member ID card, or call 800-379-0092 (TTY: 711), Monday – Friday, 8 a.m. – 11 p.m., and Saturday, 8 a.m. – 6:30 p.m., Eastern time, for more assistance. 

Disclaimer: This material is provided for informational use only and should not be construed as medical advice or used in place of consulting a licensed medical professional. You should consult with your doctor to determine what is right for you.

Sources

1. “About Cholesterol,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed Mar. 20, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/about.htm

2. “What is Cholesterol?” American Heart Association, last assessed Nov. 6, 2020, https://www.heart.org/en/heart-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol

3. “About Cholesterol,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention 

4. “High Cholesterol Facts,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, last assessed Mar. 20, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/facts.htm

5. “What is Cholesterol?” American Heart Association 

6. “Causes of High Cholesterol,” American Heart Association, last assessed Nov. 6, 2020, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/causes-of-high-cholesterol

7. “Know Your Risk for High Cholesterol,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, last assessed Mar. 20, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/risk-factors.htm

8. “How to Get Your Cholesterol Test,” American Heart Association, last assessed Mar. 20, 2020, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/how-to-get-your-cholesterol-tested

9. “Cholesterol Numbers and What They Mean,” Cleveland Clinic, last assessed Jul. 28, 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11920-cholesterol-numbers-what-do-they-mean

10. “7 Natural Remedies for High Cholesterol,” Healthline, last assessed Mar. 8, 2023, https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/natural-remedies-cholesterol

11. “Statin Medications and Heart Health,” CenterWell Pharmacy, https://centerwellpharmacy.com/articles/statin-medications-and-heart-health.html

Prior authorization can help save you money on your prescription drugs.

Say you’re feeling a little under the weather. So, you go see your doctor, seeking relief. Your primary care physician diagnoses the health issue and writes you a prescription. Then you go to your local pharmacy to get that prescription filled. So far, so good, right? But then, your pharmacist informs you that you need “prior authorization” from your healthcare provider before this new prescription can be filled. Say what? 

If this is the first time you’ve heard the term “prior authorization,” then you’ve come to the right place. Let’s talk about what is prior authorization and why it’s important.

What is prior authorization?

Prior authorization is an approval that your physician needs to obtain before a new prescribed medication can be covered by your health insurance provider.1 If that pre-approval is not provided, then the cost of the prescribed medication will not be covered by your current health care plan. That means you would have to pay for that out-of-network medication out-of-pocket. Talk about sticker shock! 

How to get prior authorization? 

If your doctor prescribes a new medication, the first question you should ask is: “Is this drug pre-approved by my health insurance prescription plan?” For whatever reason, if your doctor doesn’t provide this information upfront, you should ask. If your doctor isn’t sure, the medical practice’s administrator should be able to provide it. 

When is prior authorization needed?

Also known as precertification, predetermination and pre-approval, prior authorization is required for any prescription that falls outside the parameters of your health insurance plan. The practice of getting this type of pre-approval is fairly common. It’s one of the many procedures put in place to continue to provide quality healthcare at an affordable price.

What is the No Surprises Act? 

As the expression goes, “the best surprise is no surprise.” In 2022, President Biden signed the No Surprises Act (NSA) into law to help prevent consumers from paying unexpected medical bills, such as the type generated by a lack of prior authorization.

Before this bill was passed, if you filled a prescription for a medication that you discovered later was not on your health insurance provider’s list of approved drugs, you could have been on the hook to pay the full cost of that drug out of pocket. This practice was called “practice billing,” according to the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).2  To learn more about the NSA, the CMS has a helpful fact sheet.

What does the No Surprises Act have to do with prior authorization?

The NSA protects you against getting an unexpected bill for emergency medical services from an out-of-network provider unless prior authorization has been granted.3 The CMS has a No Surprises Help Desk hotline (800-985-3059, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. EST) if you wish to submit a question about the NSA or file a complaint. You can also file a complaint online.

How does prior authorization work?

If your doctor has recommended that you take a new drug, the first question you should ask is: “Does this medication need prior authorization?” If the answer is “yes,” then you should do the following, according to Verywell Health, a health information website:

· Talk to your healthcare provider – Your doctor’s staff should be able to look up the particulars of your healthcare insurance plan, which lists what drugs are covered.

· Fill out paperwork – Your plan still might authorize the drug if you file the appropriate forms. It’s not a guarantee, but worth a try.

· Get organized – A paper trail of your request can also keep your efforts organized and on track.

· Keep track of dates – There may be datelines for submitting authorization paperwork.

· Have a backup plan – You should have a Plan B if your request goes bust. Your doctor might be able to weigh in and could turn the tide in your favor.

If you want more information about how to request a prior authorization for a medication that’s not on your pre-approved drug list, you can find the appropriate forms here.

Why is prior authorization so important?

Prior authorization is not just an important way to save you money on your healthcare costs, but it’s also an important part of America’s managed healthcare system. The benefits to you – the patient – are substantial. The “checks and balances” of prior authorization include:

· Savings – There may be a generic version or lower-cost alternative to the medication your doctor just prescribed.

· Drug interactions – The new drug may negatively interact with medications you’re already taking.

· Potentially addictive – If the medication is a controlled substance, there could be the potential for addiction.

· Reduce redundant tests – You may have the same tests ordered from 2 different doctors, thus may not be necessary.4 

To learn more about why getting prior authorization is important, CenterWell Pharmacy™ has a great web page on the subject.

How to speed up prior authorization for medications

If you’re seeking to speed up the prior authorization process for any new meds, here are two links to the drugs covered by Medicare and Humana. These drug lists are important, because if that new prescription is not on either list, you may have to pay for the cost of the drug entirely out-of-pocket. This information would be helpful to know when you talk to your doctor, who usually starts the pre-approval process.

What is the prior authorization process?

The prior authorization process typically takes about two days. But it could take longer. If you don’t hear back from your health insurance provider within a reasonable amount of time, you should contact the provider directly for an update. If things get more complicated, here are some things you can do speed up the process or appeal a prescription rejection. 

How CenterWell Pharmacy can help

If you’re a Humana member, we have resources to help you learn more about prior authorization and how to help ensure approval. The Humana Clinical Pharmacy Review (HCPR) can help you with getting prior authorizations for high-risk or high-cost medications. The HCPR submission forms can be found here. You can also submit your prior authorization request over the phone by calling 800-555-CLIN (2546), Monday – Friday, 8 a.m. – 8 p.m., local time.

If your medication is approved, CenterWell Pharmacy can fill your new prescription and have it sent directly to your home. You can find all the information you need to fill, refill or transfer a prescription for mail-order delivery on this page. 

CenterWell Pharmacy also covers many commonly used over the counter (OTC) wellness products, including ibuprofen, topical pain relievers and more. For more info, go to this easy-to-use OTC order page.

1. Michael Bihari,“Prior Authorization: Overview, Purpose, Process,” Verywell Health, updated Jun. 5, 2022, https://www.verywellhealth.com/prior-authorization-1738770#:~=prior%20authorization%20%is%

2. “No Surprises: Understand your rights against surprise medical bills,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, updated Jan. 3, 2022, https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/no-surprises-understand-your-rights-surprise-medical-bills

3. “What is a ‘surprise medical bill’ and what should I know about the No Surprises Act?” Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, updated Feb. 2, 2022, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-surprise-medical-bill-and-what-should-I-know-about-the-no-surprises-act-en-2123/

4. Michael Bihari, “Prior Authorization: Insurance Companies Use Prior Authorization to Keep Health Care Costs in Check,” Verywell Health, last updated Jun. 13, 2019, https://www.verywellhealth.com/prior-authorization-1738770

DISCLAIMER

This CenterWell Pharmacy™ website is intended to provide information to CenterWell Pharmacy customers about their health care and about the products and services offered by CenterWell Pharmacy. Information contained in this site is general in nature. It is not meant to replace or be used in addition to the advice of health care professionals. If you have specific health care needs, or for complete information, please see a doctor or other health care provider.

What you need to know about vaccines and immunization

For some, talking about vaccines can be a sticky subject. The debate over which shots are essential and which aren’t, has been a hot topic for some time. But there are certain vaccines that are important for the health and wellbeing of many older Americans. Vaccines can help protect you against certain illnesses and keep you healthy. But which vaccines are important for you?

What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is a type of medicine that uses the body’s own natural defenses – your immune system – to build resistance against infection. Vaccines have been used safely and effectively for over a century. Vaccines can be administered by injection, liquids, pills or nasal spray.1

Are vaccines safe?

Yes, in most cases. But as with any medication, side effects can occur. That being said, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 2 and 3 million lives are saved each year due to vaccines.2 

How vaccines and immunization work

According to the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC), vaccines protect the human body against certain diseases by imitating the properties of a specific virus.3 The copycat infection then helps prepare the body to fight off the incoming virus by building up an immunity against it. In short, vaccines trick viruses, making the effects of the infection less harmful.

What is the difference between vaccination and immunization?

Vaccination is the act of introducing a vaccine into the body, thus preventing an illness from spreading. Immunization is the process of protecting a person from getting sick by taking a vaccine. At the CDC, the two terms are interchangeable.4

What are the vaccines’ side effects?

Each vaccine has its own set of side effects. The CDC has compiled a helpful list of side effects for the most popular vaccines, from Hepatitis A to Zoster (Shingles) shots.

What are the main vaccinations?

The CDC recommends that every adult – age 19 and over – be vaccinated for influenza, shingles, tetanus, diphtheria and COVID-19. Other vaccines that should be considered (based on age), include pneumonia, shingles, chickenpox, plus measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)*, and human papillomavirus (HPV)*.5 

Why should you get vaccinated?

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) says that vaccines can protect you from serious infectious diseases, from infancy to your golden years.6 Even if you were vaccinated as a child, the effects of certain vaccines can wear off over time. Other factors, including your job, lifestyle or current health condition can also lessen the long-term protections of some vaccines.7 The National Foundation of Infectious Diseases has also provided 10 sound reasons to get vaccinated.

The HHS recommends that adults should get vaccinated if they plan on leaving the country, for business or pleasure. The CDC’s “Traveler’s Health” page provides useful immunization information for anyone thinking of taking a foreign trip. 

Which vaccines are required?

Vaccine mandates vary from state to state. The CDC has compiled a state and local vaccination resource page that can help you find out which vaccines are required in your area.

When should you get vaccinated?

The CDC suggests that adults get an influenza shot every year, and tetanus and diphtheria boosters every 10 years.8 CenterWell PharamacyTM has more information on vaccine scheduling for adults.  

Where can I get vaccinated?

Vaccines.gov is a great resource for finding a facility near you that administers vaccines. Just plug in your ZIP code and this handy vaccine finder will do the rest. You can also contact your primary healthcare provider for more information on where you can get vaccinated in your community.

How can CenterWell Pharmacy help you?

If you live near one of the 45 CenterWell Pharmacy retail locations nationwide, you may be able to get the vaccines you need at little or no charge. Find a location near you. 

To find out which vaccinations your healthcare plan covers, sign in to MyHumana, then go to the “Coverage and Benefits” page. You can also speak with Humana member services directly by calling the phone number on the back of your member ID card, or call 800-379-0092 (TTY: 711), Monday – Friday, 8 a.m. – 11 p.m., and Saturday, 8 a.m. – 6:30 p.m., Eastern time, for more assistance. 

* The HPV vaccine is recommended for young adults ages 11-26. 

Sources:

1. “Immunization: The Basics,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed September 1, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm

2. “Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety,” World Health Organization, last assessed August 30, 2021, https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/vaccines-and-immunization-vaccine-safety

3. “Understanding how vaccines work,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed May 22, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/understanding-vacc-work.html

4. “Immunization: The Basics,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention 

5. “Vaccines: Know what you need,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed July 8, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/adults/downloads/fs-vaccines-need.pdf. 

1. “Vaccines for Adults,”      Vaccines.gov, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, last accessed      July 8, 2019, https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/who-and-when/index.html. 
2. “What vaccines are recommended      for you,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed July      23, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/index.html.
3. “Recommended adult immunization      schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2021,” Centers for      Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html.

Disclaimer: This material is provided for informational use only and should not be construed as medical advice or used in place of consulting a licensed medical professional. You should consult with your healthcare provider to determine what is right for you.